Articles & Insights

Professionals Rare Diseases

When to Suspect VEXAS Syndrome: A Practical Guide for Clinicians

Since its discovery in 2020, VEXAS syndrome has rapidly emerged as an important cause of late-onset systemic inflammation associated with clonal hematopoiesis. The syndrome is increasingly recognised in patients previously labelled as having refractory autoimmune disease, relapsing polychondritis, or unexplained inflammatory syndromes with cytopenias.

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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Professionals

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is a blood disorder defined by a small, clonal expansion of B lymphocytes that lack features of leukemia or lymphoma. It is considered a precursor state to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but is not itself a cancer. Most people with MBL remain asymptomatic and never progress to CLL.

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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Professionals Non-malignant Haematology

Easy bruising

Easy bruising is a very common reason for referral to a haematologist that rarely results in the diagnosis of a serious underlying bleeding disorder

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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Professionals Non-malignant Haematology

Erythrocytosis

The haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood cell count reference ranges will vary depending on the age, gender and pregnancy status of the patient, as well as the laboratory performing the test. In general, a haemoglobin > 165 g/L in males and >145 g/L in females; and a haematocrit > 0.5 in males and > 0.44 in females is considered elevated. An elevated haematocrit should be demonstrated on more than one occasion to ensure the change is not artefactual.

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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Professionals Non-malignant Haematology

FBC abnormalities in liver disease

Chronic liver disease is associated with a range of full blood count abnormalities. The mechanisms of these changes are multifactorial and can be related to portal hypertension with splenomegaly/ hypersplenism, marrow suppression from medication or alcohol use, reduced thrombopoietin production and chronic viral infections associated with liver disease (e.g. hepatitis C).

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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Professionals Non-malignant Haematology

Leukocytosis

The white blood cell count reference range will vary depending on the age, gender and pregnancy status of the patient, as well as the laboratory performing the test. In general, the white blood cell count is considered elevated when it is above 11 x 109/L.

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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Professionals Non-malignant Haematology

High Ferritin

Elevated ferritin is a common reason for referral to the haematology clinic. The vast majority of patients with elevated ferritin will not have an underlying disease which is within the scope of a haematologist. Assessment of elevated ferritin should always take into account transferrin saturation, along with a full blood count, renal and liver function tests. The algorithm below will assist in sorting out the likely cause.

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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Professionals Non-malignant Haematology

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide and the predominant cause of anaemia, which affects one‐quarter of the global population. In Australia, 22.3% of women have depleted iron stores (serum ferritin level < 30 μg/L), with pre‐menopausal women disproportionately affected. In contrast, 3.5% of men are iron deficient.

Ivo Andrejco · 10 Mar 2026
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